Duties of students
This excerpt is taken from chapter 59 of the Guanzi, a book on statecraft by legalist philosopher Guan Zhong. It is one of the earliest discussions of education in China. From Guanzi “Duties of the Student” Attributed to Guan Zhong The teacher presents his teachings; students take them as their standards. By being docile and reverential, and keeping their minds completely open, their learning is maximized. On seeing goodness, they follow it; on hearing of righteousness, they submit to it. Docile and compliant, filial and respectful toward their elders, they never display arrogance or resort to physical force. Never false or depraved in purpose, their conduct is certain to be correct and straightforward. Observing constant standards whether abroad or at home, they are certain to seek out those who are virtuous. Their features being well composed, their inner thoughts are certain to be exemplary in their correctness. Though they awaken early and go to bed late, their dress is certain to be tidy. Mornings being devoted to enhancing their learning and evenings to practicing what they have learned, they are ever cautious of doing anything wrong. Being ever diligent in concentrating on these things, such are the standards for study. Young students in rendering service are late to bed and early to rise. When sweeping the floor in front of the teaching mat, washing their hands, and rinsing their mouths, they conduct themselves in a respectful manner. Once they have finished dressing and prepared the wash-basin for the teacher, he



